TLS Illustrated

Michael Driscoll created a very nice illustrated guide on how the TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3 handshakes work, including how the various cryptographic primitives are used to secure the connection.

TLS 1.3: https://tls13.xargs.org/

TLS 1.2: https://tls12.xargs.org/

Bonus: An animated explanation on how elliptic curve crypto works: https://curves.xargs.org/